THE INTERNET
- Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use
- An Internet is 2 or more networks that can communicate with each other
- The Internet is a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks
- The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives.
- It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time.
- The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
THE INTERNET HISTORY
- The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies.
ARPANET was one of the first general-purpose computer networks. It connected time-sharing computers at government-supported research sites, principally universities in the United States, and it soon became a critical piece of infrastructure for the computer science and research community in the United States.
Internet Today
- made of many LAN and WANs.
- Every day new network area added and removed.
- internet services Providers (ISPs) offer services to the end users
- International Service Providers
- National service provider
- Local service provider
PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
- Protocols synonymous with rule
- Standards: agreed-upon rules
PROTOCOLS
- A protocols is a set of rules that govern data communications.
- Defines What, How, and When it is communicated
Elements and Semantics of PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
- Synteax: structure or format of data.
- example: 8-bit address of sender, 8-bit address of receiver
Semantics: meaning of each section of bits.
example: Does the address is a route to be taken or the final destination of the message
TIMING OF PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
- TIMING: when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
example: sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps overload and data loose.
STANDARDS
- Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufactures
- Guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and telecommunication technology and processes
- Providing guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today’s marketplace and in international communications
Standards are developed through the cooperation of:
Standards Creation Committees
ISO, ITU-T, CCITT, ANSI, IEEE, EIAForms created by special-interest group.
present their conslusions to the standards bodies.
Regulatory Agencies
- Ministry of Telecommunication and information technology (KSA)
- Purpose: Protecting the public by regulating radio, television, and communications
Categories of STANDARDS.
- Two categories.
- De factor: not applicable by an organized body but adopted as standards through widespread use
- De jure : Legislated by an officially recognized body
INTERNET STANDARDS
- Internet standards
Tested thoroughly tested specification that is useful to be adhered to by those who work with the internet
Formalized regulation that must be followed
SPECIFICATION OF STANDARDS
- Specifications become internet standard
- Begins as internet draft for 6 monts.
- Upon recommendation form the internet authorities draft published as Request for Comment (RFC)
- RFC is edited, assignment a numbe, and mde available to all interested parties
